History of science and techs

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Corresponding Wikipedia article: Technique

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«At present Earth is dominated by the machine civilization, the most primitive of all»

(Unknown author)

The technique is an art of the natural abilities amplification, which is expressed by the detailed ways and methods.

The philosophy of technology during several past millennia is the manual labor and the hand tools. The creative innovative process in this area is heading the physics:

• Manufacturing of the tools requires the solid mechanics knowledge, which became the most fundamental and well-studied area of physics. The widespread use of the air and the water has resulted in a special knowledge of the fluid dynamics. The mechanics of plasma and especially of aether remains unavailable for the manual technology. This foundation causes a belief in the hardness and concentration of the material particles, and this creates a special world of the quantum mechanics and the atomic physics.
• Vision is the primary information source, which does not allow understanding the nature of light itself, and creates a fantastic world of the relativistic mechanics. Using of the properties of scattering and therefraction of light in matter provides a belief in the wave nature of light.
• Visual observation of the Solar system gave a better Newton’s understanding of gravity than the Galileo’s concept of the free fall acceleration. The Lomonosov’s understanding of gravity is not applicable without the aether concept.
• Chemistry is an empirical knowledge, which is unfairly separated from physics.
• The gunpowder invention made a revolution not only in the military affairs but also gave an origin of the jet and piston engines, which resemble the firearms, including the automatic ones. The analysis of the chemical reactions and engines had formed the thermodynamics with its conviction of the perpetual motion impossibility and of the infinite entropy growth.
• The discovery of an electric current, as the nature of the observed electric discharges, has replaced the steam engine by an internal combustion engine, and has determined the electromagnetism laws, which are expressed in the terms of current and voltage. The actual discovery of the aether laws did not result in the unification of all physics areas within the aetheric theory, because of certain barriers within the materialistic consciousness.

The war and defense is a powerful motivation to develop the technology:

• Bronze Age was spread partly due to the superiority of the bronze shields over a wooden and leather protection.
• Iron Age was spread due to the steel invention, which remains one of the main structural materials for the weapons and other things.
• Introduction of the gunpowder led the world to a new age of the machines.
• A. Nobel had invented dynamite and started the scientific and technological boom of XIX-XX centuries, which was accompanied by the arms race and the imperialist world wars. Many civilian technologies of the modern times either have a defensive origin or are dual-use:

War	Military technique	Civil technique
I	tanks and other armored vehicles	tractors, cars
	biplanes
II	maneuverable monoplanes, including light and fast ones with wings beneath the fuselage
	radar, radio navigation
	anti-aircraft missile prototype Wasserfall, remote piloting	radio control
	cruise missile prototype V-1, jet supersonic aircrafts	jet supersonic aircrafts
	ballistic missile prototype V-2	space rockets
	nuclear weapons	nuclear reactors
	missile control systems	automatic control
	night vision devices	thermography
	German proto-transistors	microelectronics
	German prototype of computer by Konrad Zuse	computers
	von Neumann machine for ballistics calculations	computer architecture
	Turing machine for cracking Enigma cipher	state machine

The main drivers of the technological progress in the modern era (the last few centuries) were the states with the protestant religion: Germany and United Kingdom with its former colony, United States. The Soviet Union, which was managed by Stalin and Beria, reached the same level for a short time in the XX century.

References

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