Languages
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Fundamental chapter: Speech
The language is a speech system within a certain social group.
The modern languages are diverse due to the communication obstacles of the ancient peoples during the languages formation:
- Geographic (seas, mountains and regions with a harsh climate). Settlement of people within the river valleys as the most accessible routes and the food sources.
- National (isolation of race, clan or tribe).
- Religious (isolation of the religious communities and the theocratic states).
- Writing (incompatibility of literature).
| Groups | Geographic limitations | Religious scope | Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indo-European | |||
| Celtic | British Islands | Druidry, Christianity | |
| Germanic (English, German, Dutch, Swedish) | Baltic Sea, Rhine, Alps | Polytheism, Christianity (Protestantism) | Runes, Latin |
| Romance (Italian, French, Spanish, Potuguese, Romanian, Moldovan) | Mediterranean Sea, Rhine, Alps | Polytheism, Christianity (Catholicism) | Latin |
| Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian) | Baltic Sea | Polytheism, Christianity | Latin |
| Slavonic (Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc.) | Polytheism, Christianity | Latin, Glagolitic, Cyrillic | |
| Gypsy | Latin, Cyrillic | ||
| Indian (Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, etc.) | Indus, Himalayas | Hinduism | Brahmic |
| Iranic (Iranian, Kurdish, Dari, Afghan, Tajik, etc.) | Indus, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains | Zoroastrianism, Islam (shia) | Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic |
| Hellenic (Greek, Albanian, Armenian) | Mediterranean Sea | Polytheism, Christianity (Orthodox) | Greek, Armenian |
| Caucasian | |||
| North Caucasian | Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains | ||
| Kartvelian (Georgian) | Christianity (Orthodox) | Georgian | |
| Uralic (Finno-Ugric) | |||
| Ugric (Khanty, Mansi, Hungarian) | Ob River | Cyrillic, Latin | |
| Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Mordvinic | Kama River, Volga River | ||
| Baltic (Finnish, Karelian, Estonian) | Baltic Sea | Latin | |
| Sami | |||
| Nenets | northern seas | Cyrillic | |
| Turkic | |||
| Oghuz (Turkish, Turkmen, Azerbaijani) | Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains | Islam (not a state religion) | Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic |
| Kipchak (Kazakh, Tatar, Bashkir) | Volga River | Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin | |
| Khakas (Kyrgyz) | Yenisei River | Cyrillic | |
| Sakha | Lena River | Cyrillic | |
| Altaic, Mongolic | Siberia, Tian Shan | Buddhism | Cyrillic |
| Japanese-Korean | |||
| Japanese | Islands | Shinto, Buddhism | Japanese |
| Korean | Peninsula | Korean | |
| Sino-Tibetan | |||
| Chinese | Himalayas, Tian Shan | Confucianism, Taoism | Chinese |
| Tibeto-Burman | Himalayas | Bon, Buddhism | Tibetan |
| Austroasiatic | |||
| Tai (Thailand, Laos) | Buddhism | Khmer | |
| Khmer (Cambodia) | Buddhism | Khmer | |
| Vietnamese | Latin | ||
| Austronesian | |||
| Malay | Islam (not a state religion) | Arabic, Latin | |
| Philippine | Christianity (by colonization) | Latin | |
| Oceanic | |||
| Afroasiatic | |||
| Egyptian (Coptic) | Nile River | Polytheism, Christianity | Egyptian |
| Cushitic (Somali) | Islam | Latin | |
| Semitic | |||
| Hebrew | Judaism | Hebrew | |
| Arabic | Islam | Arabic | |
| Maltese | Christianity | Latin | |
| Amharic (Ethiopian) | Christianity | Ge'ez | |
| African | |||
| Bantu (Swahili) | Latin | ||
| Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa | Niger River | ||
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